Conflict and roots Actor Involved
Rwanda is one of the countries in the African continent, and the country's black population has a history that will never be forgotten Rwanda, even the world will not melupaknnya. This conflict led to the genocide conducted against other tribes one tribe in Rwanda, which took a lot of casualties.
The conflict in Rwanda is not a conflict that just happen just because of jealousy, economic inequality, or merely a superior taste that is owned by one of the tribes in Rwanda. Conflict and friction that occurs between the two tribes has its roots starting from when they were colonized by Belgium.
Belgium is now beginning to be rulers in Rwanda , where the problem is what causes conflict in Rwanda happened , and really - really unforgettable . At that time , Belgium stratifying or discriminate against ethnic Hutu , Tutsi and the Twa ethnic minority group . Belgium made a Tutsi , as compared Hutu ethnic minorities , a superior tribe . They are given the authority to rule and reign . Belgium chose Tutsi because from the standpoint of Belgium , the Tutsi looked more ' European ' physically for them .
When the Twa tribe was not taken into account because very little . Finally during the Belgian colonized Rwanda , Tutsilah who hold power . Meanwhile, as the Hutu majority tribe was not given a chance to govern . It is quite a long walk and it is certain jealousy seeds begin to grow in the hearts of the Hutu Tutsi as the minority view can meguasai Rwanda .
Finally during the decolonization Belgium left Rwanda . When Belgium was about to leave Rwanda , Belgium even give power to the Hutu . Of course this is very surprising decision Tutsi who has so long had the power in Rwanda . Hutu certainly very happy with the decision Belgium , and they took over power in Rwanda . In 1961 , there was a Hutu Revolution . When the elections , the government has been dominated by the Hutu , Hutu continued to rule until the government of Rwanda . [ 1 ]
The period of decolonization brought slowly marginalized Tutsi of Rwanda , because Rwanda has been dominated by the Hutu . This makes the Tutsis to flee to neighboring countries surrounding Rwanda . In 1990 , Tutsis formed the RPF ( Rwandan Patriotic Front ) , led by Paul Kagame . They are a group of trained military to seize power from the Hutu Rwanda continues to dominate .
In 1990 they invaded Rwanda and asked for a position in government . However, Rwanda still reject it . In 1993 , the Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana of the Hutu who was in power want to give the position to the Tutsi and conduct peace agreement . [ 2 ] This business is conducted by the President in the context of state accountability for Rwanda , as well as the demands of the RPF that led President need to consider the fate of the Tutsi who is also part of Rwanda .
The RPF attack led by Paul Kagame of Rwanda and called for the establishment agreement for the demands they get a share in the government . They asked for the establishment of the Arusha Accords , the agreement under which the President will provide the opportunity and also a place for Tutsis have a position in the government . But the Hutu extremists who are very anti the Tutsi reject the policy outright and did not want any Tutsis in government .
In fact the agreement was not implemented properly . Finally, as President Juvenal Habyarimana was killed when his plane across Kigali on 6 April 1994 , it became a momentum for the Hutu extremists and make it a reason to attack the Tutsi and moderate Hutu by Hutu who opposed it . [ 3 ]
The death of President Habyarimana was indeed a great moment for the Hutu extremists . But there is also the possibility that the incident was deliberately done by the Hutu extremists launched their plans for slaughtering Tutsi . [ 4 ]
Massacres of Tutsis by Hutus began . The President made the killing of Rwandan instantly became a horror for the Tutsis who had engineered the assassination of President accused of , but until this is done it can not be proved that it was an act of murder Tutsis . Carried out by the Hutu massacre of about 100 days .
The massacre facilitated by a form of discrimination that is formed when the ruling Hutu identity cards that include the ethnic identity of the population ( which is a Tutsi who would have difficulties in employment , education , etc. ) . The Hutu blocking every street and check out the people who pass by and kill every Tutsi they could find .
The number of victims is estimated around 800,000 people [ 5 ] , were brutally murdered with a machete or other agricultural tools by the Hutu extremists , even murder they did not hesitate - hesitate done in the church . [ 6 ]
Rwanda circumstances when it is really concerning . The state initially did not taken any action on the international arena . UN finally intervened to resolve this issue . One named General Romeo Dallaire was sent with some troops by the United Nations to help reduce conflict Rwanda . Here is an excerpt that explains the UN mission in Rwanda :
" The UN was in a position to curtail at least some of the Bloodshed , given its advance warning from Dallaire of the planned massacres in Rwanda and the presence of a peacekeeping contingent under his command . The peacekeepers were sent Earlier months to safeguard a peace agreements between the Hutu government and the Tutsi - led RPF Rebels . But at the start of genocide , following the murder of ten Belgian peacekeepers , the Security Council ordered the removal of the most of the UN peacekeeping force . Dallaire 's remaining peacekeepers saved some live but , abandoned by the UN and the international community , Essentially they were helpless in the face of the Hutu 's extremists lethal efficiency . " [ 7 ]
In addition Tutsis and Hutus , we can see that the UN also became an actor involved in this conflict .
· Conflict Theory
The conflict in Rwanda can be categorized into ethnic conflict . It can be seen from the definition of the difference between race and ethnicity , as follows .
1 . Race is a human group that is characterized by certain biological conditions such as physical resemblance , skin color , and genetic structure .
2 . While ethnicity is kelomok people who are distinguished by their culture. Ethnicity refers to cultural traits , such as ways of thinking , value systems , rituals , and language .
There are some opinions from the experts about the factors that can lead to conflict . According to Donald L. Horowitz is :
" Ethnic conflict is the result of an extraordinary presence of traditional antipathies so strong that they can survive even the powerful solvent of modernization " . [ 8 ]
According to Edward Azar there are several factors that led to the emergence of internal conflicts :
1 . Conflict triggered by a disharmonious relationship between identity groups such as race, religion , and culture with a particular country or with different groups themselves .
2 . Conflict is associated with the fact that the government has failed to meet basic humanitarian needs resulting in the systematic impoverishment .
3 . Character of authoritarian rule and ignore the grassroots aspirations .
4 . International linkages are a system of dependence that occurs between a country with a global economic system , where the government issued a policy in favor of the power of foreign capital rather than to the local population . [ 9 ]
Theory is appropriate for use in the conflict in Rwanda is human needs theory and the theory of conflict transformation .
1 . Human needs theory assumes that conflict is rooted in , and due to the basic human needs whether physical , mental , economic and social unfulfilled or impeded . Security identity , recognition , participation , and autonomy are often at the core of the conversation . The aim of this theory is :
a. Assist the parties in conflict together to identify and pursue their needs are not being met , and generate options to meet those needs .
b . That the parties in conflict reach a fair agreement to meet the basic needs of all parties , so neither party feels aggrieved .
2 . Conflict transformation theory assumes that the conflict caused by the problems of inequality and injustice that emerged as social and cultural issues , politics and economics . The aim of this theory is :
a. Changing various structures and frameworks that lead to inequality and injustice , including economic inequality .
b . Improve the fabric of long-term relationships and attitudes among the parties in conflict .
c . Developing processes and systems for empowerment , justice , peace , forgiveness , reconciliation and recognition . [ 10 ]
· Dimensions International and Conflict Resolution
In the conflict in Rwanda , there are certainly aspects of the international dimension in which the international community played a role in an attempt to quell the conflict . As described above , the United Nations as an international organization has sent peacekeepers to Rwanda .
UN troops established with the mission of keeping the peace in Rwanda . This mission called United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda , or UNAMIR called . UNAMIR was established by the UN Security Council resolution 872 (1993) on October 5, 1993 to help implement the Arusha agreement . UNAMIR 's mandate is :
" . . . to assist in Ensuring the security of the capital city of Kigali ; monitor the Ceasefire Agreement , Including establishment of an expanded demilitarized zone and demobilization procedures ; monitor the security situation during the final period of the transitional Government 's mandate leading up to elections ; assists with mine - clearance ; and assists in the coordination of humanitarian assistance activities in conjunction with relief operations . " [ 11 ]
From the quote above , we can conclude that the UNAMIR mission only limited help ( assist) keeping the peace in Rwanda , and monitor ( monitor ) Rwanda security . UNAMIR itself was led by Lieutenant -General Romeo Dallaire .
Formed at the beginning of this mission there are about 400 Belgian troops were involved , although Rwanda is a former Belgian colony , and the UN generally prohibits the former colonial involved in a peacekeeping mission . In the end , pull pasukannnya Belgium after 10 members under UNAMIR peacekeepers were killed while protecting the Prime Minister of Rwanda .
However , the peace mission was considered a failure , because it can not prevent genocide and loss of lives in Rwanda . The UN Security Council passed Resolution 912 , and reduce the number of UNAMIR personnel to 270 personnel . [ 12 ] Dallaire UNAMIR troops as leaders continue to try to keep the peace in Rwanda , although with limited personnel and logistics . Dallaire himself has also requested additional personnel , but this request was denied .
International parties , in this case the UN Security Council seems to indicate a reluctance to help the Rwandan population is threatened . UNAMIR forces itself only has food ration for a period of two weeks , the water supply is only for one or two days , and fuel for two or three days . Ammunition and medical supplies were very limited . [ 13 ]
United Nations and other countries such as the United States and France only supports the evacuation of foreign nationals from Rwanda , but do not try to save the Rwandan population is at risk.
The genocide ended when the RPF managed to take over the Rwandan capital Kigali in July 1994 . French troops were sent to Rwanda also managed to create a safe zone in the southwestern Rwanda . July 17, 1994 , the RPF defeated the Rwandan government and declared the end of the war . [ 14 ]
The UN tried to " pay for " its failure in Rwanda by establishing the International Criminal Court [ Internationan Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ( ICTR ) ] through the UN Security Council Resolution . S/RES/955 1994 . ICTR aims to sue and prosecute those responsible for genocide and other serious crimes in violation of international humanitarian law in Rwanda or by Rwandans in neighboring countries during the year 1994. [ 15 ]
By resolution 977 on February 22, 1995 , the UN Security Council established the location of the ICTR in Arusha , Tanzania . [ 16 ] Of the various resolutions , the UN Security Council to target the ICTR to complete all investigations by the end of 2004 , complete all trial activities by the end of 2008 , and complete all activities in of 2012. [ 17 ]
So far , the ICTR has settled 55 cases , including 9 cases and 8 were released on appeal . 20 cases are still in process , 2 cases were transferred to national jurisdictions , 2 the defendant dies before court ruling came out , and one who is awaiting trial . [ 18 ]
· Conclusion
By looking at the inter- ethnic conflict that occurred in Rwanda in 1994 it can be concluded that this form of colonization is not directed as did Belgium will only leave a scar in the hearts and lives of Hutus that lead to the split .
As human beings we have a lot of shortcomings and advantages that have been given by God . No man is perfect for the classification , diversification , and stratification against an ethnic group , or race , are things that should not be done in the life of mankind bersosial . It will only make the fire in the chaff that will someday explode in all directions .
In ethnic conflicts in Rwanda , should be from the beginning and Tutsi Hutu work together in achieving well-being . Although Belgium came to colonize and create social jealousy , with the lure of Rwanda to help promote , but should they keep each other together . Belgium intentionally mengadudomba them together so there was a split in Rwanda , so that Belgium can be controlled territory .
But when the genocide took place , the two ethnic groups should think , that the events of the past is not good to keep in mind in the future , due to the fact that innocent citizens , too, became victims of the genocide . They should be ashamed of international significance , and they should share work together to build peace among each other so that both prosperous and mutually beneficial .
Views of the role of the international community in the Rwandan conflict , which the United Nations is an international organization which plays an important role in maintaining world peace and security , should be more responsible and able to resolve this conflict . But the UN does not seem earnest and less assertive in making decisions , especially in the delivery of UN peacekeepers to Rwanda .
Should state who are members of the United Nations , particularly the permanent members of the UN Security Council , is able to work together and put aside the interests of each element in the resolution of the conflict in Rwanda . But in fact , this massacre is not getting the attention from Belgium , France , Britain , and the United States . Though this problem is a human rights violation , as is often noted in international forums . This shows that the United Nations as the container interests of developed countries .
REFERENCES
book :
- Azar , Edward . , 1990. The Management of protracted Social Conflict : Theory and Cases . Aldershot : Dartmouth .
- Fisher , Simon . , 2001. Managing Conflict : Skills and Strategies for Action . The British Council .
- Horowitz , Donald L. , 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict . Berkeley : University of California Press .
- Peskin , Victor . , 2008. International Justice in Rwanda and the Balkans . New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Pottier , Johan . , 2002. Re - imagining Rwanda : Conflict , survival and disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century . New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Schabas , William A. 2006. The UN International Criminal Tribunals : The Former Yugoslavia , Rwanda and Sierra Leone . New York : Cambridge University Press .
Internet :
- http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/rwanda/
- http://www.unhcr.og/publ/PUBL/3ebfgbb60.pdf
- http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13431486
- http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unamirM.htm
- http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unamirS.htm
- http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/justiceontrial/rwanda_chronology.html
- http://www.survivors-fund.org.uk/assets/docs/education/historical-chronology.pdf
- http://www.unictr.org/AboutICTR/GeneralInformation/tabid/101/Default.aspx
- Http://www.undemocracy.com/S-RES-1824 % 282 008 % 29/page_1/rect_184 , 654_830 , 862
- http://www.unictr.org/Cases/tabid/204/Default.aspx
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